Infertility laboratory test, infertility examination

One of the major groups of female infertility is hormonal problems. The nature of the problem is due to the fact that ovulation does not take place, so fertilization is not possible either. Or if the female cycle is inadequate, there is no ovulation, or if the fertilized egg cannot be implanted in the second half of the cycle. The abnormalities may affect the function of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, ovaries, and adrenal cortex.

Abnormal functioning of the ovulation-regulating area of ​​the brain. As a result, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels are low. Very small abnormalities in the hormonal system also affect ovulation. Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can also be caused by injury, cancer, excessive exercise, hormonal and immunological abnormalities, and starvation.

The hormone prolactin stimulates the production of breast milk. If there is no pregnancy or breastfeeding, high prolactin levels affect ovulation. On one hand, an increase in prolactin levels may indicate cancer of the pituitary gland, and on the other hand, certain medications and stressful situations may also cause an increase. Milk production that occurs regardless of pregnancy or breast feeding may indicate high prolactin levels.

In polycystic ovary syndrome, the body produces too many eggs and androgenic hormones, affecting ovulation. In this case, the follicles do not mature, but become a cyst filled with fluid. The menstrual cycle is upset, so follicular rupture is rare. After hormonal balance is restored, fertility can be restored as well. Ovarian cysts can occur in smaller numbers, but some of them are self-absorbed. In other cases, they can be removed by aspiration or laparoscopic surgery.

In addition to the lack of ovulation, in many cases, there is a disorder of sugar and fat metabolism, and patients are often overweight. However, the disease can be treated with hormone treatment or surgery with good results.

Another large group of female infertility includes diseases that make fertilization or implantation mechanically impossible. These include congenital abnormalities of the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes (insufficient development of organs or deformities of form), which can usually be treated surgically.

Damage to the fallopian tubes is mainly caused by an inflammatory disease (salpingitis). Most cases are caused by a sexually transmitted disease such as Chlamydia infection.

However, many positive patients with Chlamydia infection can become pregnant without further ado. Inflammation of the fallopian tubes often goes unnoticed but can often be accompanied by pain and fever.

Damage to the fallopian tube can be a significant barrier to conception because the fertilized egg cannot get through it to the uterus. Also, with the development of inflammation, the risk of ectopic pregnancy increases.

Endometriosis is when the uterine tissue is embedded outside the uterus and begins to grow, affecting the function of the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes. These embedded tissues respond normally to the hormonal cycle, grow, and then each month their mucous membranes are rejected with bleeding, parallel to the uterine mucosa. This process can lead to scarring and inflammation. Very often, pelvic pain and infertility also develop. Endometriosis can be cured with hormone therapy and surgery. Benign anatomical abnormalities of the uterus, such as fibroids or polyps, make it difficult for the embryo to adhere and be removed, but can be removed by surgery.

Fibroids are benign tumours that form in the wall of the uterus and very often develop over the age of 30 years. Sometimes they can cause infertility by blocking the fallopian tubes.

A pelvic coalescence is a large amount of scar tissue that forms around the pelvic organs. They occur primarily after pelvic inflammatory disease, appendicitis, abdominal or pelvic surgery. These scars result in coalescences between the walls of the organs.

The tests look at hereditary and acquired abnormalities in blood clotting. For the fertilized egg to be implanted in the uterine mucosa and the placenta to form and function well, and for the foetus to develop properly, the normal amount and function of the factors tested are required.

Vaginal secretion normally protects the uterus from various bacterial and fungal infections, but sometimes it also prevents sperm from entering or directly destroys them. An immunological cause may be a conflict of interest between the male and female members of the couple (alloimmune cause). The presence of autoantibodies that inhibit fertilization, implantation, and foetal development can cause infertility even without a woman’s autoimmune disease.

Not only the genitals, but other diseases of our bodies can make it difficult to have a baby. If a woman has a history of epilepsy, diabetes, high blood pressure, liver or kidney problems, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, it is difficult to get pregnant. In this case, the existing disease during pregnancy requires continuous monitoring.

Diseases associated with late puberty or delayed menstruation, e.g. Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, iron deficiency, infections, HIV/AIDS can also affect women’s ability to conceive. Deficiency diseases due to gluten sensitivity also make it difficult to conceive.

Diseases of the thyroid gland (either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism) can upset the menstrual cycle, which can make it difficult to get pregnant or even lead to infertility.

Over time, the muscles of the uterus age, the hormone sensitivity of the ovaries decreases, and the number of foetal abnormalities increases, making it more difficult to have a baby. As we age, the proportion of genetically damaged cells in gametes also increases,

• thus, the number of pregnancies ending in miscarriage increases over 30 years,
• by the age of 40-45, it is already reaching 30-35%.

Additionally, the number of congenital foetal disorders, such as Down syndrome, is also increasing.